The Drug Of Drug Addiction Essay - 1270 Words

Watching my older brother struggle with drug addiction has taught me more in my life than anything else. He was a smart kid with a good head on his shoulders. As he grew older he made some unwise choices with regard to substance abuse that quickly turned into a full blown addiction lasting over five years and landed him in and out of four different rehabs. He was striving to get clean, but every time he took one step forward he fell three steps back. Taylor entered Drug Court, after finding himself in a lot of trouble with the law, due to drug related incidents. Drug Court is a state run program offered to non-violent felony offenders suffering from the disease of addiction. If you successfully complete the 3-5-year program, charges can be expunged immediately. But if you fail to complete the program, your alternative sentence is state prison for the maximum term of your sentence. As Taylor took this opportunity, he knew he had to be fully committed to his recovery or he would be faced with a 10-year prison sentence. Commitment was not a problem; his life started to change for the better. He started his own landscaping business, fell in love with a girl and seemed to be heading down the right road. But as many do not understand, heroin retains such a ferocious grip on brain cells that relapses are part of the recovery process. Though Taylor had every intention of getting clean, he struggled and he relapsed on more than one occasion. The 10-year prison sentenceShow MoreRelatedDrug Addiction : Drugs And Drugs1017 Words   |  5 Pages In today’s society, it is now normal to know somebody who has a drug addiction especially to opiates. A drug addiction is a mental disorder that the person can no longer control their actions. The person addicted to the drug will no longer care about the outcome of their actions as long as they can get that high they are seeking. **from textbook pg. 303** â€Å"Opioids are classified as narcotics- strongly addi ctive drugs that have pain relieving and sleep-inducing properties. Opioids include both naturallyRead MoreDrug Addiction : Drugs And Drugs Essay744 Words   |  3 PagesWhen people first hear the word drug, they think of illicit drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine. They also think about the user and sometimes why they use. One thing that is overlooked by the public is the treatment programs that are available to drug users. There is a stigma in our society around drug use that is very negative. Many believe that people that do drugs do them just to do them and even if this is true in some cases, no one wakes up one morning and decides that today is the dayRead MoreDrug Addiction : Drugs And Drugs1599 Words   |  7 PagesDrug Addiction Drugs is one of the biggest problems that the world has. It is everywhere in the world and it is one of the most common problems that the government wants to overcome. Many people have become addicted and that’s one of the many causes why many of the drug addicts lose their families. Having an addiction takes time to control within yourself. There are centers of rehabilitation that are very helpful and could show how to overcome a drug addiction. Getting help from others can by helpfulRead MoreDrug Addiction : Drugs And Drugs1363 Words   |  6 PagesDrug Addiction According to National Institute on Drug Abuse, iIn 2013, a survey reported that an estimated 24.6 million Americans aged 12 or older had used an illegal drug in the past month. The first time someone uses a drug, it is usually voluntary. This first use is usually to mask certain emotions that they are currently going through. Repeated use can lead to changes in the brain that challenge an addict’s self control and interfere with their ability to resist the temptation of a drug, thisRead MoreDrug Addiction and Drugs1219 Words   |  5 PagesDrugs Addiction Miami Beach Senior High Ashley Gonzalez Ms. Cooper/Mr.Sussman English II-Period Three 06 March 2013 Drugs Addiction Topic and Thesis Statement Miami Beach Senior High Topic: Drugs Thesis Statement: In an examination of drugs I will discuss causes of this disease/or social dilemma. I will also discuss the effect of drugs on individuals, families and society. Read MoreThe Drug Of Drug Addiction2146 Words   |  9 PagesCounty realized that simply sending drug addicted offenders to prison often meant these same faces would reappear back in court shortly after being released on parole. They realized that the drug addiction crisis in their community might be the cause. These professionals attempted to figure out a way to treat this individuals in order to help them rejoin society instead of being stuck in a cycle of reoffending. They worked together to establish the first Drug Treatment Court. This program was theRead MoreThe Drug Of Drug Addiction1932 Words   |  8 PagesDrug Addiction is a problem all around the world that affects families, friends and strangers. It all starts with one puff, snort or drink. There are several different drugs in the world that have affected people with drug abuse. There are two different common drug abuses. Long and Short term drug abuse. There are also many different drugs. Pain Pills are a very common drug that is used in society these days. Most pain pill drug addictions are long term. A long term drug addiction can put a varietyRead MoreDrug Addiction : Drugs And Heroin Addiction1130 Words   |  5 PagesThe arguments for whether or not to prescribe heroin to treat heroin addictions are controversial. Henden and Baeroe (2015) state both sides of the arguments being that some believe â€Å"it is in the nature of heroin addiction for individuals to lose their ability to resist their desire for heroin,† which knowing the nature of chemical dependency, heroin addicts would not refuse any heroin, so it still possibly an invalid consent to research participation as they did not have a free choice to reallyRead MoreDrug Addiction : Drugs And Drug Abuse Essay1615 Words   |  7 Pages this drug is extremely addictive and has been illegal in the United States for many years. Although many individuals seem to discover a way to obtain this very lethal drug. Even though, heroin is highly addictive and used by choice by an individual with a drug addiction; the number of deaths from Heroin is escalating daily, to the point where more than 26 overdoses in one day maybe even more. This epidemic needs to be put to a halt. Despite the fact the focus was on prescription addiction increaseRead MoreDrug Abuse And Drug Addiction1257 Words   |  6 Pages Drugs had been existing since the early 15th century and society has confronted drug abuse and addiction ever since. In the modern world, drug abuse has become a problem for many individuals do to traumatic experiences, mental disorders, peer pressure and personal problems. For every addiction there is always a solution, professional assistance can help a drug addict get control of his/her life once again. Drug rehabilitation programs can be essential for drug addicts only if the victims are committed

Euthanasia Should Be An Option - 1098 Words

Everybody dies; it’s a natural cycle of life. Some deaths can be good while others are bad, but everyone wants to die a peaceful and painless death. For some of those dying of a terminal illness, a peaceful death isn’t an option. These dying people should get to decide how they want to end their life; it should not get chosen for them. They are the only ones living their life and experiencing their accomplishments and downfalls. To have someone choose how they should die can make their life seem pointless. If they have a decision on the matter of their life, they should get to choose how it ends. For the terminally ill, euthanasia should be an option in the United States. According to the American Journal of Psychiatry, the terminally ill patients who asked to die suffered from depression. This is treatable through therapy and medication, which makes euthanasia a bad option (O’Steen). This makes euthanasia similar to suicide, to some people. Why should we help them die when we can cure them and make their life better? Euthanasia is not suicide; it is the act of painlessly killing a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease and is not as similar to suicide as some people may think (NHS Choices). For instance, people who are suicidal still have a lot to look forward to. There is hope for the suicidal through medication. Antidepressants can help a suicidal person feel better, and medication often balances their brains. Suicidal people also have family and friendsShow MoreRelated Euthanasia Should Be A Legal Option Essay3416 Words   |  14 Pages Euthanasia is a controversial subject, not only because there are many different moral dilemmas associated with it, but also in what constitutes its definition. At the extreme ends of disagreement, advocates say euthanasia, also known as physician aid in dying, is a good or merciful death. Opponents of euthanasia say its a fancy word for murder. There are reasons that would make a person lean toward the side of euthanasia, and there are also reasons that would turn someone away fromRead MoreArgumentative Speech Outline : Legalization Of Euthanasia1379 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentative Speech Outline: Legalization of Euthanasia Lexie Phongthai-Yochum Topic: Legalizing Euthanasia General Purpose: To argue Specific Purpose: To argue that euthanasia should be made available for terminal patients to end their suffering. Thesis Statement: Euthanasia should be made legal for terminal patients to end their suffering because 1) people should have the right to choose, 2) it helps save lives through organ donation, and 3) it can be regulated. Introduction According toRead MoreEuthanasia And Assisted Suicide Are Legal1506 Words   |  7 PagesGive an Option to Those Who Have None Imagine your beloved grandmother has been involved in a car accident. The crash was messy and despite medical advances and cutting edge technology, your grandma is in incredible pain, she will never be able to fully function or move by herself, and she will never be able to live a normal life ever again. What would you do? When a loved one is in such pain, would you not want to give them the option of passing peacefully, to stop the pain they have been sufferingRead MoreEuthanasia Is The Killing Of A Patient979 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia is the killing of a patient who is painfully suffering with the help of a doctor. The classifications of euthanasia are voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary euthanasia is the consent of the patient and involuntary is the consent by another person because the patient is unable to do it themselves. There are also two procedures known as passive and active. Passive euthanasia is when the doctor stops doing something that will keep the patient alive. Active euthanasia is when the doctorRead MoreThe Debate Concerning The Morality Of Euthanasia915 Words   |  4 PagesAmericans , arguably more than any other nationality, have a right to their opinion and there exists few subjects that generate more opinions than does euthanasia. The debate concerning the morality of euthanasia parsimoniously rests on the moral assessment of whether or not the physician intentionally kills or intentionally let die the patient. An assumption has been perpetuated that there is a line of demarcation between intending to let die and intending to kill. This pseudo-practical barrierRead MoreEuthanasia Or Physician Assisted Suicide961 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia or physician assisted suicide, is the painless killing of a patient, suffering from a painful or incurable disease, like cancer, or alzheimer s, the practice is illegal in most countries, including the United States, although in the United States, it is a state decision, the only stat e in the United States that it is legal in is Oregon. Oregon passed the Death with Dignity Act in 1994, making euthanasia legal for chronically ill patients, the only caveat is that the doctor is allowedRead MoreEuthanasia Should Be Legal Alternative931 Words   |  4 Pagesgoes, it is in the final stage where her only option left is to die. As the lady is heading to her eternal rest, she will be experiencing severe pain everyday and the doctors can do little about it. It would be devastating for a person to watch their loved one go through that. A person would start trying to find a way to stop this pain and then finally they have found something. What the person found was a certain practice called euthanasia. Euthanasia is a practice that will put patients out of theirRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1272 Words   |  6 Pagesthe natural body is able to heal itself and grow. Not only is it human nature to survive and prosper, it is also instinct to be frightened of death and suffering. Euthanasia has been a topic of debate ever since the Roman and Greek physicians have started to poison terminally ill patients with their consent. Today’s definition of euthanasia is â€Å"the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals (as persons or domestic animals) in a relatively painless wayRead More Ethnobotany Essay654 Words   |  3 PagesAvailable Option Try to imagine yourself or someone you hold close to you being very sick, so sick that just being alive each day gives more pain and suffering than the previous day. Not one person should have to suffer from a disease that is incurable and leads inevitably to death. With an assisted suicide a person and his or her family can be relieved of the agony of the illness. Euthanasia is sometimes considered to be the best option for a loved one who is in intractable pain, and should be anRead MoreThe Age Should Not Be A Person s Life1680 Words   |  7 Pagesresort to euthanasia. When a person’s life is coming to an end in a matter of days, a more reasonable approach to it would be to provide proper end-of-life care if requested. An individual has the right to determine when their last day should be if they are suffering from a terminal illness if it is quickly approaching. Everyone is entitled to make their own decisions, and children should be able to execute that right. Age should not be a matter that prevents someone from having euthanasia be an option

Stop and Press Free Essays

Now 20 years later I discovered a new life form on this planet. This news could be either scary or remarkable for some. Planet Neo is 200 miles away from earth and 300 miles away further from the sun than the earth. We will write a custom essay sample on Stop and Press or any similar topic only for you Order Now Neo evolved over the past twenty years and conditions became much more favorable to support life. A water system underground was discovered and it is here in this underground system life has been discovered. The condition beneath the surface of Planet Neo proved very favorable for life subjected to some harsh climate change. The underground water system has similar conditions to a hydrothermal vent on earth. The discovery of hydrothermal vents on earth has presented us with a possible explanation for the origin of life. On Planet Neo the conditions were the new life form was found was similar to the hydrothermal vent conditions on earth. The life form that was discovered was called Octillion looks somewhat like a squid. Octopus has a very hard diverse outer skeleton on its entire body. It has eight fat tentacles also layered with this skeleton. This creature has all the characteristics of living things. The seven characteristics of living things are: 1 . Movement 2. Reproduction 3. Sensitivity 4. Nutrition 5. Excretion 6. Respiration 7. Growth Octillion has each of the above characteristics that I will further explain in depth Movement- Octillion was recognized by its movement in the underground water system. Scientists created a camera that was able to withstand harsh temperatures, pressures and atmospheric changes; this camera was able to enter the underground water system, the scientists controls were the camera goes. I remember the first time he saw Octillion it was between two Jagged rocks, remembered vividly the camera scaring the creature from video footage and Octillion stimulus was to swim away very quickly and spew out purple slime from pores, on its back. Sensitivity – Octopus has very hard outer Skeleton that Is completely resistance to heat, there are little pore openings In Its back that open and close allowing It to moderate Its environment. This purple slime is not dangerous, sample shows it is a mixture of the same chemical found in a moss like looking substance on the wall of the rocks and seafloor which I called it purple because it is purple in color. Nutrition – Octillion as I said before spew out a purple slime whose chemical components is similar to that of a moss looking substance found on the stones and seafloor called purple. It as concluded that Octillion feeds on the purple from video footage again that gives it nutrition which causes it to respire allowing it to survive in the harsh underground water system. Excretion – the form in which Octillion got rid of waste was; it settles in a corner goes into the hard skeleton structure and little bubbles fill with a transparent liquid comes out the pores, I believe that Octillion excretes build up food from purple and it is transparent because it uses the chemicals from the purple to spew the colorful purple slime for stimulus and it then excrete the cytoplasm looking bubble. Reproduction – the bubbles that are seen during the excretion process accounts for reproduction. It is this cytoplasm looking bubbles that carry a form of DNA from the Octillion allowing it to reproduce. All these data can be accounted for because test and experiments where perform and from these experiments it was concluded that the bubbles is somewhat of a single cell organism, but not all survive due to the harsh conditions. Reproduction process will be able to occur under the same Temperature and pressure in which Octillion was born and discovered. Respiration – obviously in order for Octillion to stay alive it respires, cause it feed on the purple. Growth – I have been tracking Octillion for the past six months and it has grown approximately twelve centimeters longer from the first time it was discovered. So this is evidences that Octillion grows. On Earth these seven characteristics is use to tell if something is alive. Octillion exhibits all characteristics which is so amazing. Charles Darwin if alive today would have been so involved in these findings. Charles Darwin, the British naturalist, came up with the theory of evolution in 1859; he changed our idea of how life on earth developed. Darwin argued that all organisms evolve, or change, very slowly over time. These changes are adaptations that allow a species to survive in its environment. These adaptations happen by chance. If a species doesn’t adapt, it may become extinct. He called this process natural selection but it is often called the survival of the fittest. It can be seen that Octillion has adapted to the conditions on Planet Neo, and with that adaptation there is room for evolution. If Octillion could survive on the harsh conditions of Planet Neo, who are we to say that there isn’t any other forms of life on lane Neo. I am on the quest to discover more living entities on Planet Neo thanks to the advances of technology in today’s world. The fabric of the universe is waiting on scientist like me to extract the underlying knowledge. This discovery has made history in the life of humans; Just imagine life forms on other planets! This gives rise to a lot of speculation be it conflict or amazement. Some people are accepting of this discovery, stating this means that there are more avenues to explore the great beyond, others on the other hand are fearful of this discovery. How to cite Stop and Press, Papers

Ratio Analysis & Capital Budgeting

Question: Explain Ratio Analysis Capital Budgeting. Answer: Ratio Analysis is an important and useful tool for analysing financial information and statements. They condense a lot of data into simpler form in number of ratios and percentages and help the users of financial statements make sense of the financial and operating performance of the company. Ratio analysis also makes comparison between performances of companies easier. (Kothari, 2004)(Oysazar, 2012) If we look at the various profitability ratios such as Net profit margin and Return on Assets we observe that the values have hardly shown any significant deviation over the last four years hinting at the steady growth of the firm. It also hints at the fact that sales and profits are increasing by the same percentage which means expenses are also growing.(Eriotis, Frangouli, Ventoura-Neokosmides, 2012) This would have been a sign for worry had the expenses been growing at a faster rate.Net profit margin is an industry specific ratio and would be higher for a company like ABCAM which is into pharmaceuticals and life science than for a company like Tesco which is in the retail industry. On the other hand Return on Assets is a measure of how efficiently a company is using its assets.(Gibson, 2012) A company like Abcam has a lot of assets which are intangibles and goodwill which have a long pay off period, hence this ratio for them is bound to be lower than other companies operating in different sectors. Again if we look at the efficiency ratios average inventory days figure for this year of 170 is very high. Simply put it means it takes ABCAM 170 days to turn over its inventory. Again this is industry specific and while 170 might be a bad number for one industry it might not necessarily be bad for ABCAM which is in the life sciences industry.(Raoa Rao, 2009) The high current ratio through the years is testimony to the fact that ABCAM is very well off liquidity wise. One good thing is that inventory constitute roughly 20% of current assets so even if we were to take the quick ratio which is generally considered a better measure to evaluate a firms liquidity, ABCAM does very well on that front as well.(Bajkowsi, 1999) If we look at market performance of shares we can see that the company has been steadily increasing its EPS and dividend payments which is a good sign for the investors. To calculate the P/E ratio historical prices of the stock have been taken from Yahoo Finance. P/E ratio is a measure of whether a company is undervalued or overvalued by comparing this value with companies operating in the same industry. If we look at P/E ratio of OCAD Group and ASOS their P/E ratios are extremely high 141 and 76.5 respectively. Generally, such a high P/E ratio can mean two things which might be complimentary. Firstly, it is overvalued and secondly that investors are expecting higher future earnings from it. Therefore, it can be said that for ABCAM the P/E ratio is more or less steady as from its past performance investors expect steady earnings.(Wu, 2014) Next up the ratios have been derived from restated financial statements. The concept of economic different is quite different from accounting profit. Whereas accounting profit only considers the explicit costs the economic profit considers the implicit costs as well.(Li, 2012) If we look at ABCAMs profit margin calculated from restated financial statements and compare it with the profit margin calculated from financial statements that there is a huge difference between profit margins for the year 2015 with the one calculated from restated financial statements showing a marked improvement. That is mainly due to the fact that in 2015 ABCAM had significant gains from the increase in exchange price of British pound which inflated this ratio.(ABCAM PLC, 2015) Similarly, in 2014 the profit margin calculated from restated financial statements shows a sharp fall as the British pound fell whereas for 2012 and 2013 the ratio doesnt show much difference because the pound was stable. (ABCAM PLC, 2014)(ABCAM PLC, 2013)(ABCAM PLC, 2012) Net Operating assets subtracts the investment assets and adds the operating liabilities to the total assets. Since the denominator value increases that if why we observe that Return in assets and asset turnover is lower in this section than the ones calculated from the financial statements. If we look at the overall economic profit of ABCAM we see that it is the highest for all the four years as the return on net operating assets was highest for this year. Economic profit is a good indicator of how a company is creating value for the stake holders, since it is calculated by subtracting the return on net operating assets with cost of capital. (Damodaran, 2007)Hence it is taking the debt serviceability and the required rate of return for the shareholders into account before calculating the net profit. If we look at the income statement and compare the economic profit with accounting profit, we find that it is considerably less but that is because it takes the WACC into context. Simply put this is the profit left after meeting the requirements of the debt holders and the equity holders as a surplus. ABCAM Plc has two investment opportunities. The first scenario has an initial capital outlay of 5 million GBP, wherein the company invests in a machine which results in revenues of 1 million GBP for seven years. At the end of seven years the machine can be sold for 2 million GBP. The second scenario has an initial capital outlay of 8 million GBP, wherein the company buys a patent which results in revenues of 2 million GBP for 5 years and at the end of five years the patent can be sold for 2 million GBP. The patent requires an annual fee of further 0.25 million GBP. The company has a decision at hand whether to invest in the first or second scenario. Since the first option has a positive NPV the company should invest in the first option. The first option has a positive NPV of 0.8 million GBP and an IRR of 14.5% which is higher than the cost of capital whereas the second option has a negative NPV of 0.125 million and an IRR which is below the cost of capital. At the outset and IRR might produce similar results but in some cases they produce results which oppose each other. Such cases are called conflict of NPV and IRR methods. (Mackevi ius Tomaevi , 2010) There has been a long standing debate as to which is a better appraisal method. On one hand while some managers tend to prefer IRR as it gives a definitive rate of return rather than return in currency terms and managers world over have a tendency to be inclined towards ratios. They tend to find NPV less intuitive because it does not measure the amount relative to the amount invested.(Arshad, 2012) On the other hand some managers consider NPV a better approach as they consider it more flexible as it provides information regarding how much the decision increases the firms value. In these areas IRR becomes restrictive particularly when used to appraise mutually exclusive projects and in cases with alternate positive and negative cash flows.(Drake). References ABCAM PLC. (2014). Annual Report. ABCAM PLC. (2015). Annual Report 2015. Arshad, A. (2012). Net Present Value is better than Internal Rate of Return. Bajkowsi, J. (1999). FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS: PUTTING THE NUMBERS TO WORK. AAII. Bajkowski, J. (1999). A LOOK AT THE CORPORATE CASH FLOW STATEMENT. AAII. Damodaran, A. (2007). Return on Capital (ROC), Return on Invested Capital (ROIC). Stern School of Business. Drake, P. P. (n.d.). Advantages and Disadvantages of the Capital Budgeting Techniques. Gibson, C. H. (2012). Financial Reporting and Analysis. Cengage Learning. Kothari, S. P. (2004). Financial Statement Analysis. MIT Sloan School of Management. Mackevi ius, J., Tomaevi , V. (2010). Evaluation of Investment Projects in Case of Conflict between the Internal Rate of Return and the Net Present Value Methods. Ekonomika, 89(4), 116-130. Oysazar, H. (2012). Advantages and Disadvantages of Financial Ratios. Wu, W.-T. (. (2014). The P/E Ratio And Profitability. Journal of Business Economics Research , 12(1).

Innovative technology and organizational ecosystem case study

Innovative technology Implementing internal and external technologies. How do the implementation issues differ? How are they the same?Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Innovative technology and organizational ecosystem case study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The following factors should be considered when implementing an innovative technology that is developed internally. They are ease of use, level of interaction and needs of users. The innovative technology should be easily applied by high school students. The students should use the technology as a platform for interaction. In addition, students’ requirements for technology should be put into consideration. Needs assessment, training for students, and deployment issues should be considered when implementing an externally acquired technology. Students should be trained on how to use the new technology. If the number of limitations of the technolo gy exceed the amount of its benefits, then there would be no need of implementing it. The new technology should meet the needs of the students and be deployed with ease by high school administration. The implementation of an internal technology would start from the process engineering stage, while the implementation of an externally acquired technology would start with training for students on the applications of the technology. Both technologies would involve testing during implementation (Miluzzo et al., 2008). Evaluating an internally implemented innovative technology To evaluate an internal technology, the following factors should be considered, such as data security, students’ experiences and troubleshooting. Effective technologies have few cases of data insecurity. Students should demonstrate that they use the technology for the intended purposes. Such a technology would be user-friendly and interactive. An effective technology should be easy to troubleshoot when errors occur (White Bruton, 2007).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Acquiring an innovative technology externally The following factors should be considered when acquiring a technology externally: technology failures, financial resources, and software/hardware compatibility issues. The externally acquired technology should have low rates of failure. It should be purchased at an affordable price and does not need to have many hardware and software compatibility issues because they result in low technology functionality (Miluzzo et al., 2008). Organizational Ecosystem Case Study What is a business ecosystem? Do all businesses function within an ecosystem? Why or why not? A business ecosystem is defined as a number of firms that rely on each other. The interactions existing among businesses within a business ecosystem are result of business competition and cooperation. All the o rganizations operate within ecosystems because they interact with suppliers, distributors, and competitors. However, their successes are based on the benefits they obtain from the ecosystems. For a business to survive within competitive environments, it should develop and maintain business relationships with the other firms. It has been shown that a business in an ecosystem affects all the other businesses while the other companies also have a certain influence on it. Business ecosystems are constantly evolving as a result of political and socioeconomic impacts. Political events may lead to stabilization or destabilization of business ecosystems. Economic factors also play crucial roles in shaping the dynamics of business ecosystems. Business organizations need to formulate ways of being flexible and adaptable so that they could survive within dynamic business ecosystems. In most cases, leaders within a business organization fail to understand and analyze firm’s ecosystem. Th us, the leaders often develop strategies that do not help organization to establish beneficial relationships with other businesses (Pires Aisbett, 2003). What potential role does the ecosystem play in Wal-Mart’s innovation efforts? Wal-Mart operates within a dynamic and competitive business ecosystem. The ecosystem plays a crucial role in enabling the firm to achieve its benefits for being innovative (Pires Aisbett, 2003). Wal-Mart has implemented a procurement system, RetailLink system, which has helped it improve its performance. In addition, performances of the other businesses within the ecosystem have been positively impacted by the information system. Using the system, suppliers are able to monitor the sales of products at different stores operated by Wal-Mart. Suppliers could make timely supplies and improvements on products in case they are not being purchased fast.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Innovative technology and organizational ecosystem case study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Innovation within the ecosystem has helped Wal-Mart to successfully set up stores offering diverse products. This has also been accompanied by changing the layouts of stores to reflect location demographics. Such adjustments ensure that different stores sell products that satisfy the needs of different consumers within specific business locations. For example, TX Store has been adjusted to provide products and services to the rich consumers in the Plano area. Currently, it sells high-tech electronic and sporting products. Therefore, Wal-Mart has been able to describe its ecosystem and make adjustments that would help it to improve sales and financial performance (Davila, Epstein Shelton, 2012; Rowe, 2004). In terms of innovation and creativity, what are the advantages and disadvantages of functioning within an ecosystem? Firms obtain many benefits from being innovative and creativ e within an ecosystem. Being the first firm to implement an innovative product implies that all the initial benefits go to the firm. For example, Wal-Mart was the first firm to introduce a procurement system within its ecosystem. The procurement system helps its suppliers monitor the sales of their products sold at Wal-Mart stores and make prompt supplies. Being innovate within an ecosystem also enables a firm to understand the dynamics of an ecosystem and take advantage of the existing location demographics. For example, Wal-Mart identifies the affluent Plano area and sets up a specialized store that would sell expensive products to the rich consumers. On the other hand, being innovative and creative within an ecosystem has disadvantages. For example, a firm may introduce an information system that would enhance communication with its suppliers. If the system had many functionally issues, then the competitors of the firm might launch a superior information system. The firm would be disadvantaged because its innovative idea would be overtaken by its competitors. In addition, a company might lose business opportunities to its competitors even after it has identified a unique market segment to offer special products at special prices. This would be the case when a firm does not launch a superior product and maintain its quality. References Davila, T., Epstein, M., Shelton, R. (2012). Making innovation work: How to manage  it, measure it, and profit from it. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Miluzzo, E., Lane, N. D., Fodor, K., Peterson, R., Lu, H., Musolesi, M.,†¦ Campbell, A. T. (2008). Sensing meets mobile social networks: the design, implementation and evaluation of the CenceMe application. Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems, 1(1), 337-350. Pires, G. D., Aisbett, J. (2003). The relationship between technology adoption and strategy in business-to-business markets: the case of e-commerce. Industrial  Marketing Management, 32(4), 291-300. Rowe, A. (2004). Creative intelligence. Discovering the innovative potential in ourselves  and others. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. White, M. Bruton, G. (2007). The management of technology and innovation: A  strategic approach. Mason, OH: Thomson. This term paper on Innovative technology and organizational ecosystem case study was written and submitted by user Mila Conway to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Michael Jordan and his legacy in the NBA.

Michael Jordan and his legacy in the NBA. Michael Jordan is not only a name; he is a legend and an inspiration. If you ask people in the developed world who this man is, it is likely they will know. Most are aware of Jordan's greatness and skill, and may believe he was born great, but he was not. Only through hard work, triumph, and adversity did this man made himself what he is today, a basketball legend.Mike's parents, James and Deloris Jordan, grew up in Wallace, North Carolina, and met each other at none other than a high school basketball game. On February 17,1963, Deloris gave birth to Michael Jordan. He grew up with three siblings, James Ronald, Larry, and Deloris.While their children were young, Mike's parents taught them the lessons of life and the philosophy of hard work and determination. They all grew up in a poor, sharecropping community in North Carolina. Mike and his brother Larry had a great love for all sports and competition, as did the rest of their family.English: Chicago Bulls. Michael Jordan 1997If a ba seball or football wasn't being thrown around outside, it was checkers or chess inside.Because Mike and his brother loved the game of basketball so much, their parents built them a basketball court in their backyard. Mike and Larry spent the most time on the court, battling it out with each other every day. Although Larry was older, he would not let Mike earn easy victory. He made him work for it, as his father did when they played. The way Mike would play defense on his brother earned him the nickname "the rabbit" because of the way he bounded back and forth after Larry.Mike attended school at D. C. Virgo Junior High School. There he quarterbacked the football team. When he entered high school, he was...

Essay about smartphones Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

About smartphones - Essay Example A Smartphone contains these features and many more. Such features include features helping users to organize their notes, calendars, create and establish networks, synchronize their data across networks, play and download media files, in a variety of application integrated in a Smartphone, which was only possible on a computer a few years back. The first generational phones only had the basic functions. In effect, the PC ruled the internet world. However, the advancement in technology has ensured integration of the internet technology to mobile technology. More so, the Smartphones are at par with computers in terms of internet speeds. In effect, an individual can receive and send mail via the Smartphone. Furthermore, a Smartphone will allow the editing, creation, and sending of documents in real time. Thus, an individual has a platform to run a mobile office. The downloaded applications, popularly called apps, ensure that individuals have a variety of tools that fitted their lifestyles. In addition, the world witnesses a recent phenomenon in the rise and use of the Social Medias sites such as Twitter, Facebook, Google+, YouTube, among others. In effect, sharing of information in real time has become a norm rather than the exception with most of the sharing taking place via Smartphones. In fact, the recent revolutions in the Arab world christened â€Å"The Arab Spring† were a success because of the role of these Social Media sites with information passed over the Smartphones. In conclusion, it is evident that Smartphones are a vital part of human life. Not only are these gadgets important for an individual’s unique lifestyle, Smartphones provides an individual with a mobile office outside his or her physical office. In effect, the gadgets enhance professionalism and efficiency at work. Indeed, the rapid growth in technology will continue to provide the world with amazing apps

Growing up Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Growing up - Thesis Example In this context passing could represent the journey from city to city, it could also represent to passing form one lover to another or one musical genre to another starting which gospel choir to punk to blues to jazz to rock. Passing could also indicate passage of time and in that effect growing up. The story begins with the Youth as a young person who is in a state of spiritual confusion not knowing what to do. As expected he wants to become a better person someone he is proud of. Despite being brought up by a conservative single mother he turns to Zen Buddhism. However this goes only for a short while before he succumbs to her mothers’ persuasion to find God. During this time instead of having a spiritual awakening his musical affinity is awakened by the gospel choir. He later joins the choir mainly because of his attraction to a girl in the choir. During his life in the choir he meets with Franklin Jones who was the choir master who introduces the youth to drugs. He develops a liking for the guitar and soon afterward deserts the choir to form a punk rock band with fellow ex-choir members. With the passage of time he abandons his band mates and starts saving money to travel to Europe where he anticipated becoming a musician which his mother and the community disapprove . In the film the youth says, â€Å"Slaves have options, cowards only have consequences.† This depicts his state of discomfort with his reality and how he had resolve to go to Europe.. After a long argument with his mother the youth goes to promiscuous Amsterdam where for the first time in his life he discovers freedom. He suddenly has easy access to all the social evils such as sex and drugs he lamented â€Å"All vices in full view â€Å"when he say hashis on the menu of a coffee shop with topless women serving coffee. The Youth also first experiences acceptance in the form of a girl named Marianna who willingly gives her the keys to her

Managing Conflict In A Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managing Conflict In A Project - Research Paper Example Kerzner (2010), states that managers spend as much as 42% of their time resolving conflicts. It is therefore necessary that project management include effective study of conflicts and sound conflict resolution procedures. This paper will look into managing conflict in a project. Definition of a project. A project can be defined as a specific undertaking within a given timeframe aimed at producing a unique product or products, service or results. In science or marketing, a project may be defined as a corroborative undertaking between individuals or teams usually involving design or research that is carefully planned with the aim of achieving a particular objective (Kerzner, 2010). In carrying out a project, the aspect of project management involves harmonizing and organizing all the project activities with an aim to enable timely completion of the project and its success. In order to appreciate the reasons why conflicts may build up in course of the project development, it is importan t to discuss briefly the various stages of a project and the key role players in each stage. Stages of a Project. 1. Project Initiation. During this stage, the initial scope of the project is determined, estimates about cost and time of completion are done, the degree of complexity of the project is determined and material implications studied. A different aspect of initiation also involves building customer relationship, setting up the project team and establishes a project workbook (Ohlendorf, n.d.). 2. Project planning. During this phase, the project work is broken down into specific activities for specific role players. Material sourcing and supply is done, clear channels of communication between the various entities is done such as relationship between the project manger and the quality assurance team, or the flow of work procedures between the project engineers and the logistics teams(Ohlendorf, n.d.). Risk identification and evaluation is done at this stage. Conflict may aris e if any of the teams differ with another team, such as suppliers and quality assurances teams. 3. Project execution This is the most practical and most noticeable level of the project. It involves the actual processes of construction, supply of materials, evaluation of work procedures, management of changes to procedures and decisions, reporting of progress to stakeholders or sponsors as well as customers, and preparation of the project for the next phase (Ohlendorf, n.d.). 4. Project control This stage involves refining the aspects of the project that hinder proper realization of its goal. In this stage additional installation maybe done, specific installations removed, decisions changed or made and input from the end consumers or the stakeholders sought. The stage is characterized by radical decisions and is very vulnerable to conflicts (Ohlendorf, n.d.). 5. Project closing. This is the final stage. Here the project is put together and it should function. Evaluation of team membe rs, project review and consumer contact are usually done in this phase. Conflicts may still arise in this stage

Treating Foxconn Workers As Machines

Treating Foxconn Workers As Machines Foxconn Technology Group is a multinational anchor company of Hon Hai Precision Industry CompanyLtd., a Taiwanese company that is the worlds largest leading of electronic manufacturer. Foxconn is the largest exporter in China which has a workforce of 90,000 workers all over China. Its well-known clients include Apple, Dell, Nokia, and Microsoft and so on, which take comparative advantages of labour cost and production resulting in profit maximisation (BBC, 2011). For satisfying rapid and huge demand on IPad, Foxconn has promised Apple Company to boost the productivity to fulfil their orders. Unfortunately, Foxconn did not be concerned on the employees of job stress due to intensive manufacturing process. According a report from Student and Scholars Against Corporate Misbehaviour (SACOM) (2010), it stated that 14 frontline workers died from suicides between January and August 2010, due to excessive working quantity and depressed emotion. It reflected that the boosting productive manag ement would lead the workers as dehumanized machines and the deterioration of dignity and well-being. In respond to the tragedy incidents, then the CEO Terry Gou Tai Ming advised that the workers signed the commitment of all kinds of suicides disregarding as the companys responsibility. He also attributed the suicides to personal problems, such as bad socialisation and finical debts, in order to obtain the grant amount of compensation offered by the company. Although the company initiated the action for the recovery of job satisfaction, the harsh management methodology was eventually not changed to contribute to job stress and burnout. For instance, the action invited counsellors to the factory, negotiated to make higher wage, established the hotline and Employee Care Centre, held an anti-suicide assembly and organised the activities for inspiration, but it is useless for reduce in job stress. Despite to carry out the emergency decision-making, there is a close relationship between poor wage and accommodation, harsh management and lack of health and safety protection (Chamberlain, 2011). First, the raised wage was slightly increased CNY 100 compared to the minimum wage (CNY 1250 per month) set by local government. This improvement is insufficient for living condition especially in Shenzhen where the monthly living wage should be CNY 2293 (Students Scholars Against Corporate Misbehaviour, 2010). In addition, each crowded dormitory can accommodate 24 workers and observer was told by a worker who was forced to sign confession letter after illicitly using a hairdryer (AM 730, 2011). Second, excessive and involuntary overtime is an apparently serious problem led to job stress and burnout. The report of SACOM (2010) revealed that workers had to work 10 hours and 6 days per week which means overtime adding up to 84 hours during the midst of series of suicides. The premium should generally be 1.5 or 2 times weekend hourly wage conformed to Labour Law, yet there is no bonus for overtime during weekend. Then, the frequent change of work shifts may be irregular that probably arrange the day and night shift in a day, are changed 2 to 3 times a month. The workers would not allow talking at work. Finally, the employer has responsibility to provide a safe work place and the effective protection and training the employees on occupational health by Occupational Disease Law of China. Unfortunately, 3 workers were diagnosed with leukaemia and 1 worker is anxious related to the harmful chemicals. Meanwhile, no personal protective equipment liked goggles and gloves would be provided when the workers operated a drill on his duty. The victims even need to pay medical fees themselves. An assistant of CEO explained to the criticism of anti-suicide commitment becoming over intensive and to the prohibition of talking during working in order to enhance the quality of productivity (The Liberty Times, 2011). Introduction While Economy becomes booming period, employer would make generous incomes by fulfil the demand. For example, the manufacturers would like to use existed production machines and a number of workforces in order to complete the orders and satisfy their clients. Responding to accomplishment of goals and targets, management may underestimate the front-line employees job difficulties and anxieties that results in turnover or potential negative outcome. This purpose is to analyse the threats of employees health and safety in Foxconn and to research the implication of leading organisation. Job stress and Burnout Job stress is defined as a relationship between employees mental or physical distress and working environment (Kahn Boysiere, 1994). Other definition may allow stress for improving performance that is the interaction of work conditions and employee personality with changing psychological functions (Beer Newman, 1978). However, the workers in Foxconn would not contribute to this improvement, the tragedies occurred under stress and harsh management instead. The main three stressors are job quality, relationship, and physical quality that yield to job burnout. Job burnout refers to a result of job stress that develops from the sustained situation that employees are unable to deal with the excessive demand resulting in physical, emotional and cognitive exhaustion (Hu Cheng, 2010). The degradation of job quality in Foxconn may compose of low wage and excessive work hours. The workers could not receive the compensation on overtime; even there is no internal (mental) or external (monetar y) reward. It would damage the job security and relationship between the employer and workers, then the company would be decreased the labour force due to the increasing resignation of workers. Another stressor is a lack of physical quality that results from irregular work hours and work-life imbalance. Consequently, the company should face the potential loss of revenue and take the responsibility of turnover. Emotional Labour Emotional labour plays a significant role in daily work life for employees and direct or indirectly influence to the company. For instance, the employees become emotional exhaustion and cognitive withdrawing from the job, and then finally resigned. Emotional labour is the regulation of emotion and emotional display at work that interact with customers, co-workers, and the public (Chau et al. 2009). The emotional labour consists of two categories are surface acting and deep acting. Surface acting refers as suppressing ones emotional and pretending to the desired emotional expression, while deep acting involves modifying actual ones feeling to show proper emotional display. Chau et al. stated that the surface acting would relate to the negative outcomes, such as turnover, or withdraw behaviour, due to emotional dissonance and internal exhaustion, whereas deep acting may reduce negative outcomes due to authentic and positive emotions. Acknowledge of deep acting for the employees perform s in Foxconn that can lead to decrease the emotional exhaustion and avoid the turnover intentions. Psychological Contract A psychological contract (PC) is considered as a mutual obligation that was established by both the employees and their employers regarding the terms and conditions of exchanging relationship (Kotter, 1973; Rousseau Tijoriwala, 1998). In other words, the expectations concern on what the employees owe their employers and on what their employers owe the employees in return (Ng Feldman, 2009). For example, the employers may provide the inducement, such as high pay or potential promotion, for the motivation to encourage the employees maximise effort. Nevertheless, the breach of psychological contract (BPC) could not reach the promise by either the employers or employees. Chen, Tsui and Zhong (2008) categorised into two types of BPC which are reneging and incongruence. Reneging occurs when employee breaks the promise, or the employer is unable to satisfy the promise. Incongruence occurs when the employee and employer have misunderstanding of the contract and promise. Obviously, the form er PBC is the Foxconn employers who violate the law and could not pay the overtime rate wage to compensate the employees effort. The excessive work quantity would be detrimental to their physical and psychological health that lead to depressive work condition and finally happened suicides. The latter BPC was analysed misunderstanding of the Foxconn employers driving the additional work hour into daily work quantity; on the other hands, employees would like to have a normal socialisation with certain work hour and well-being. Ironically, the employers made military management in order to achieve the productivity maximisation, but they neglected the employees job stress to seriously misunderstand that was the employees needs. The four methods can deal with BPC depending on age and work experience, because PC focuses on relatively young employees with relatively low work experience (Ng Feldman, 2009). The first method is exit that refers to voluntary withdraw behaviour. Flaherty and Pappas (2002) demonstrated that the older and more experienced workers have more likelihood to stability in their work live and less likelihood to intend to leave their employers. The second method is voice that the employees attempt to voice out to the employers yielding to improvement in work condition. On the other hand, it may increase the risk of retaliation from employers. Consequently, the younger and less work experienced employees should express their disappointment due to less malleable PC, while the older and more experienced employees should avoid using voice direct to employers in order not to decrease their job security. The third method is loyalty which involves silence or passion to negative work condition for remaining with an organisation. Generally, older and more experienced employees may have more flexible expectation to deal with interpersonal relationship problems. According the suicides at Foxconn in China record of SACOM (2010), the victims age range from 18 to 25 that belongs to young age or junior work age group. It implied the younger or less experienced employees that could not have appropriate expectation to overcome the difficulties. The last one is neglect in term of counterproductive behaviour that is lower involvement and greater workplace withdrawal. The older and more experienced employees would be less to engage in this method because of more malleability within the current firm and less replication in outside firm. In additional, other research showed that mentors and supervisors can support with BPC by providing career-related information and psychological support (Zagenczyk et al., 2009). The career-related support includes the provision as protection, visibility a nd sponsorship, while psychological support includes friendship, confirmation, acceptance and counselling. The supervisors would like to evaluate the performance as well as giving feedback to subordinates. Organisational Misbehaviour Organisational misbehaviour (OMB) is the intentional action that violates the shared organisational norms and expectation or unconventional practices which are not supposed to do at work (Vardi Wiener, 1996). Vardi and Wiener (1996) distinguished OMB into three types to influence in personal, organisation and others or organisations. OMB type S is intention to benefit self-interest which often occurred in internal organisation. For example, distorting data may obtain the high evaluation in order to increase the chance of promotion; stealing and selling the property from organisation take money into personal account; and harassing peers by handling the personal work task or gossip others is detrimental to other accounts of reputation. Type O OMB intends to benefit the employing organisation that usually occurred in external organisation. For instance, cheating other firms members is to obtain the contracts for the employing organisation. Type D OMB intends to hurt others or to damage the organisation that associated with both internal and external organisation. An example of type D is revenge in order to deriving the own satisfaction and responding to actual or perceived mistreatment. In addition to three types of OMB, workplace deviance and dysfunctional behaviour are important to analysis in the case. Workplace deviance refers as voluntary behaviour of organisation members that infringe upon the organisational norms due to threaten to the organisation or organisational members (Robbinson Bennett 1995). The latter considered as the behaviour instead of motivation, the action will carry the negative effect and consequence for an individual or group within organisation (Griffin, O Leary-Kelly Collins, 1998). Hence, dehumanised management in Foxconn belongs to type O that excessive work hours and low overtime paid would benefit to the organisational interest that encourage the profit maximisation. This action would deteriorate the relationship between employers and employees, and damage the employees socialisation and physical quality. Then, the supervisors forced to sign confession letter due to unintentional faults that attributes to workplace deviance because it should directly be detrimental to employees physical and mental aspects. Although the company attempted to allow the activities such as hotline and anti-suicide assembly, for motivating the employees, those activities would be compulsory to join and not be counted in their work hours. As a result, the behaviours would reverse the function of motivation that considered as dysfunctional behaviour. However, Shamsudin (2006) showed the ways to resist OMB that are personal counselling and surveys with questionnaires. Personal counselling is a primary solution that understands the reasons of OMB and the different standards of behaviours because employees may possess the different values, perception and norms. But personal counselling might not work when the OMB is in group, violent or criminal in nature, surveys can collect and analysis the whole employees perception and norms in order to avoid the conflicts in the relationship of employers and employees. Job quality Job quality can come from many dimensions that enhance job security and satisfaction. Consequently, understanding of job quality is significant to maintain employees in the organisation, and the likelihood of BPC can be decreased within the interaction of employees and employers. Job diagnostic survey is a job measurement that understands the degree of job quality (Hackman, 1975). The motivating potential score that add up skill variety, task identity and task significant to divided by three and then combine with autonomy and feedback. In addition, other studies expressed the job quality in America and Europe, so that can help to improve the situation of Foxconn. Handel (2005) explained that Fordism is a period which is the context of stable industrial system including American economic dominance, rising productivity and earning, steady or decreasing inequality, and robust employment growth. Neo-Fordist theory claims that job quality for most workers is in term of material reward and work pace which is the base principle of high pay, job security and career mobility due to inequality between management and labour in post-war market. Increasing job quality through Post-Fordist theory means the respect to both material (e.g. pay) and intrinsic (e.g. job challenge, autonomy and workplace cooperation) rewards and working condition (e.g. decreased physical workloads). Referring to Handels theory, post-Fordism period is similar as booming economy in China where real GDP grew at an average rate of 9.3% by foreign investments and become the worlds largest economy (Morrison, 2005). The Foxconn should increase the wage by the material reward, offer sufficient time and independence by intrinsic reward, and decrease the quantity of workload to diminish the possibility of job burnout. In European work market, the work-life balance and working time and training and career development are principles of job quality (ETUL, 2009). The management of Foxconn could provide the flex ible working arrangement by employees choosing working pattern themselves for balance the job stress and well-being in order to enhance the socialisation (Kelliher Aderson, 2009). Also, training and career development can expand the confidence in job task and identity. Conclusion In conclusion, Foxconn has made a military management to its employees as dehumanised treatment that drove the suicide tragedy. Job stress may contribute to job burnout that composed of excessive work quantity and low wage in Foxconn. Emotional labour could help to improve the turnover intention and emotional exhaustion by deep acting. PC is s mutual expectation involving employers and employees and BPC would fulfil PC which can use exit, voice, loyalty and neglect method to eliminate BPC depending on age or work experience. OMB type O should attribute to overtime and low wage deteriorate the relationship between employers and employees. In addition, the workplace deviance and dysfunctional behaviour could be detrimental to the relationship as well. Job quality is also significant to raise job security and satisfaction because job redesign is to change the role and return of career when the economy changed.

Thoughts on the Color, Blue Essay -- Exploratory Papers

Thoughts on the Color, Blue During the time when polytheistic religions were widely practiced in Europe, colors represented ideas associated with the paranormal and the spiritual. In many cases, the color blue represented safety and protection. It was believed that if someone wore or carried something blue, the bearer would be protected from evil spirits. Over time, as patriarchal societies formed, the welfare of the male child took priority over the welfare of the female child. Since male children were more important, parents surrounded their sons with blue objects. This explains the common association of males and the color blue that exists even in modern society. A common practice among new families and couples with children on the way is to decorate the rooms of the infants with either blue or pink, depending on the gender of the child. Though some prefer a more neutral tone such as white or beige, blue or pink baby rooms can still be found. This practice promotes the association of the color to the gender and the gender to the color. When thinking of the color blue and ...

The Ethics of Steroids in Professional Sports

Currently in professional sports, the use of steroids is one of the most highly debated and controversial topics. It seems that every day there is an athlete being suspended, fined, and even prosecuted for using these performance-enhancing drugs. In many cases, sports fans will condemn these athletes for their involvement in steroids. As I looked deeper into the subject I thought to myself, â€Å"what is so wrong with athletes trying to take their game to the next level?† Because ultimately, that’s what the real issue is here; its just professionals doing what they can to get ahead in their job and it seems to be perfectly ethical.One of the main arguments in the ethics of steroids in professional sports is that it is unhealthy to the body, which is completely true. The prolonged used of anabolic steroids can cause liver damage and contribute to hormone imbalances among other things; however, this does not make it unethical. Let’s not forget that these athletes a re playing sports that in many cases are already a danger to their bodies. When was the last time you heard of an athletes going to the hospital for the use of steroids? Yet everyday there is a case of a professional athlete tearing a muscle or incurring serious head injuries. Studies actually show that deaths from playing college and professional football are 50-100 times higher than the use of steroids. Just because somebody does something that may be harmful to their body, it doesn’t mean their wrong in doing so. For example, if a guy is hungry and decides to eat out at a fast food restaurant, is he pursuing something unethical? We all know the unhealthy effects fast food has on the body, but that doesn’t make it wrong. Adults should be able to make their own decisions when it comes to their personal well-being and if they decide to do something that may be harmful, then so be it.Protestors against steroids also claim that athletes using performance-enhancing drugs are a bad influence on our youth. Kids idolize athletes and if they see their favorite superstar using steroids, then they will want to also. I do see some truth in that and agree 100 percent that there is no place for steroids in child’s body. On the other hand I also contend that professional athletes have no obligation to live their lives conforming to a â€Å"role model† image. In Major League Baseball, the players are allowed to use chewing tobacco during games and it is clearly seen by the youth watching on TV. Also, In the National Hockey League, there is an immense amount of violence and fighting plays a big part in the sport. These examples are also bad influences on children, yet they are apart of the game and don’t seem to be getting banned anytime soon.As for the argument that steroids taint the game that so many love, I don’t see truth in this at all. There are constantly new techniques and technology being added in sports all for one purpose , to make the game better. Athletes dating back to the ancient times have been doing whatever they can to gain a competitive edge. The Greeks used to eat live bees for potency before matches and Mayans would take hallucinogens to numb the pain taken from their sport. So why is it unethical for an athlete to use steroids for this same purpose? Some say that athletes in the past didn’t have the luxury of steroids, so it eliminates the records and legacy of the past. But regardless, due to the revolutionary increases of technology, such as a newly designed baseball bat or a more aerodynamic track uniform, players are going to be better and these records are going to be broken.

Insurance Law Assignment Essays

Insurance Law Assignment Essays Insurance Law Assignment Essay Insurance Law Assignment Essay Parker, Understanding Business Law, 5th deed, Lexis Nests, 2011, IPPP) Required: a. Explain what is meant by utmost good faith and why it is of particular importance in the context of insurance contracts. (10 marks) b. How is this principle reflected in the provisions of the Insurance Contracts Act 1984 (Act) as amended? (5 marks) Part B (20 marks) Miranda leased a shop as the headquarters for her cosmetics retail business, and took out an insurance policy against fire and theft. The building was later destroyed in a fierce blaze. Damaged equipment and items found on the site after the fire indicated that the premises were used not only as a shop but as a manufacturing plant for Miranda cosmetics. Miranda had not disclosed this intended use in the insurance proposal. A. Explain to Miranda, using appropriate case law and legislation, whether the insurer can now reject Marinaras fire claim. (12 marks) b. Wicked it make any difference to your answer to Part a. Of this question if an insurance investigator finds evidence of a break-in, and concludes that the fire may well have been started by burglars seeking to hide the fact they had stolen goods and equipment? (8 marks)

Free Essays on Gender Biases As They Exist Across The Lifespan

Do gender biases exist? I am going to attempt to show that they do before a child is even born, when s/he is an infant, through their childhood and into adulthood. This is not to say that, in some instances they should not exist, only that they do. Let’s first think about how they begin, even before a person is born. A woman is be given a baby shower for her unborn child. The first question from any guest who will be in attendance is â€Å"Is she having a boy or girl†? Well, now we all know the reason for this is so then we know what to get for that unborn child. If it is a boy we will get anything and everything in blue and if it is a girl, well we know to buy pink. At least this is what seems to be the â€Å"society norm†, if you will. If the woman does not know what she is having, which I personally do not see as the case anymore, well then this poses a mini crisis. Now what color should we buy? So, the infant ends up in white and light green and y ellow, because these are the colors that are excepted to be universal. Before 1920-children under the age of six generally wore white. After approximately age six, children were dressed like miniature adults. In the 1920’s, a new interest in differentiating the sexes at an earlier age developed, it became fashionable for boys’ color to be pink (a more vibrant color) and girls’ to be blue (a more placid, serene color). The present fashion (pink for girls, blue for boys) came about in the late 1930’s. Pink for girls, and blue for boys is fashion, and like any other style, it comes and goes but it is sexist, (Crawford, p.81). Children then enter into the educational institution, where gender biases continue to play a major role, although quietly, it is still present in a major way. It is sometimes more of a type of segregation. For instance, when children are told to line up for something, they are usually in two lines, one for girls and one for boys. â€Å"At a ver... Free Essays on Gender Biases As They Exist Across The Lifespan Free Essays on Gender Biases As They Exist Across The Lifespan Do gender biases exist? I am going to attempt to show that they do before a child is even born, when s/he is an infant, through their childhood and into adulthood. This is not to say that, in some instances they should not exist, only that they do. Let’s first think about how they begin, even before a person is born. A woman is be given a baby shower for her unborn child. The first question from any guest who will be in attendance is â€Å"Is she having a boy or girl†? Well, now we all know the reason for this is so then we know what to get for that unborn child. If it is a boy we will get anything and everything in blue and if it is a girl, well we know to buy pink. At least this is what seems to be the â€Å"society norm†, if you will. If the woman does not know what she is having, which I personally do not see as the case anymore, well then this poses a mini crisis. Now what color should we buy? So, the infant ends up in white and light green and y ellow, because these are the colors that are excepted to be universal. Before 1920-children under the age of six generally wore white. After approximately age six, children were dressed like miniature adults. In the 1920’s, a new interest in differentiating the sexes at an earlier age developed, it became fashionable for boys’ color to be pink (a more vibrant color) and girls’ to be blue (a more placid, serene color). The present fashion (pink for girls, blue for boys) came about in the late 1930’s. Pink for girls, and blue for boys is fashion, and like any other style, it comes and goes but it is sexist, (Crawford, p.81). Children then enter into the educational institution, where gender biases continue to play a major role, although quietly, it is still present in a major way. It is sometimes more of a type of segregation. For instance, when children are told to line up for something, they are usually in two lines, one for girls and one for boys. â€Å"At a ver...

Succession Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Succession Planning - Essay Example While aging of the staff is major contributor to the commencement of the issue, it is also true that a lack of skill levels in the staff also makes succession planning a major issue. This is particularly true in the case of public sector. Nearly 50% of the people employed by the US government is eligible to retire, says Douglas Braddock (1999). One in five senior executives of Fortune 500 companies will have to retire before the year end. All this mean that succession planning is becoming more meaningful to government offices as much as it is for private enterprises. He further says that man power requirement due to replacements (34.7 million) in organisations will far outstrip the requirements due to increase in business (20.3 million). While on one side there is a vacancy coming up, on the other side there is no talented and qualified people to hire from. According to Manpower (Jan 2006), nearly 44% of employers find difficulty in getting the right kind of person with the required skill level to fill the vacancy that is existing in the company. The succession planning is different from the replacement planning in the sense that while replacement planning will look for one single person and find a replacement for him from the market. Whereas in the case of succession planning, the company needs to consider who would take his position and who in turn would occupy once the succeeding person is promoted and so on. This would mean that the existing people have to be evaluated and kept ready for promotion and also the succession streak right to the end of the entire hierarchy where some one will be taken in from outside to fill the gap. Aims and Objectives To examine the potential elements involved in having a succession planning strategy and to present options and recommendations to the Management Board. The objective is to demonstrate the business benefits and added value to the organisation by producing an acceptable business case. Literary Review Workforce Life Cycle Management The Life Cycle of the workforce has to be completely taken care of including the retirement and succession thereof. Every employee should have an appropriate standby option in case he is to leave the employment. While this is normally looked at as a replacement plan for the individual, similar planning is needed for the succession too. The workforce life cycle would aim at a career planning for every person in the company followed by a succession plan. This would ensure that every key position in the company is filled whenever there is a need without any delay. Every position would require selection of the right person with adequate skill levels. After selecting the right person, an appropriate training program should be designed and provided in order to ensure that the person selected is trained for the position he is destined to take over. The person should also go through on the job observation and training enabling him to take on the assignment when it should occur. This would cr eate a hot standby for important key posts. On non-key positions, standby is maintained for a group of requirements. This would take care of any requirement that might arise among the equal positions. However, this may not be exactly the same position and might require some time to take over the assigned job. Succession planning is defined by Wendy Hirsh (2000) as

Communication theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication theory - Essay Example With clearer concepts and objective understanding of matters, people are in a better position to play their individualistic and collective roles in the development of a civilized society. In most of the organizations in the contemporary age, communication with confidence and authority has become quite critical (Holmes, 2011). The organization in which I work is to much extent, a functional organization where different departments have well defined responsibilities, so people from different departments do not usually interact with one another. In addition to the organization having a functional organization structure, there were several other factors that have played their role in discouraging interaction among employees. Such factors included but were not limited to differences of gender, age and culture. Employees from different culture have had presumed conceptions about their coworkers from different cultures and would not change their conceptions in the organizational context. Al so, employees from opposite genders would hesitate to communicate with one another. This was giving rise to interpersonal conflicts with various employees assuming irrational things about one another as a result of lack of communication until the new project manager brought about some drastic changes in the system of flow of communication within the organization.

Paper assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Paper - Assignment Example His conformity to the society makes him act in ways that are not ideal for an individual. If he existed in the 21st century, he would probably be accommodative to the society’s liberal view. Babbitt realizes the hypocrisy and dissatisfaction of his life when it is too late to rebel from it. The story captures the 1920 ban on alcohol by the American government (ONeal 91). However, Babbitt and many other middle-class and wealthy people continued to consume illegal alcohol. American society’s hypocrisy at the time is partly revealed through the consumption of alcohol by Babbitt and his friends. For example, one of the reasons the prohibition was put in place was because it was morally wrong for Americans to drink and merry while its young men went to war (ONeal 91). From Babbitt, it seems that most Americans in the middle and upper class were too self-indulged to remember the soldiers at war. Additionally, the prohibition was repealed because people were willing to drink a lcohol provided they did not speak (ONeal 92). Babbitt is an example of people that publically rebuked taking alcohol but secretly and constantly took alcohol. He even practiced it publicly at the time when he rebelled. When Verona Babbitt expressed interest in working for charity, her father quickly dismissed her and the idea of charity as a whole (Lewis 24). According to Babbitt, charity was almost an equivalent of socialism. He said that encouraging charity enfeebled a working man’s willpower to fend for and feed his children. Additionally, he claimed that it gave children of the lower class notions above their status. Babbitt represents the selfish and self-indulged nature of the middle-class society at the time. The 1920’s were spent crashing labor unions and reducing wages (ONeal 71). In fact, Babbitt is one of the people in the 1920’s that opposed labor Unions. As a business owner, he believed that while radical unions destroyed property and good labor unions were useful in

Origin of Oceania and Tradition Essay Example for Free

Origin of Oceania and Tradition Essay The Origin and the navigational techniques used by islanders to travel over large Open Ocean has given question to academic writers, on how the islanders are able to travel and settle in this remote part of the earth. Pacific Islanders used traditional navigational knowledge to travel against storms and current on Pacific Ocean over past centauries, by using canoes. This essay will discuss the two theory of migration with archaeological evidence of origin, the traditional techniques of navigation shared by Steve, and it will state, why and how the ancient navigation is more favored than modern navigation. There are theories that explain how Pacific islanders had settled over the years by people who came to our region at various times. One classical example of such theory is by Andrew Sharp, who stated through his hypotheses that Hawaiian were settled by voyagers on a drifting canoe blown of its course while sailing between closed spaced islands (unit 2 Arrival). However, some of the debated theories has been disapproved due to archaeological evidence and traditional navigational knowledge. The two wave of migration was later believed to be true into Pacific, when it was proven with evidence by archeologist Roger Green. It was stated that ancient theory of migration was occurred around 40,000 years ago and the second wave of migration in the pacific was occurred around 3000 to 4000 years ago (unit 2 Arrival). The first theory of migration refers to the group that entered the Pacific and settled at Huon Peninsula and the high lands of New Guinea and later migrate to bigger Islands in the Pacific such as the Solomon, the Bismarck and Vanuatu. They were named as â€Å"Near Oceania†. This ancient migration is supported by the slow boat model of migration where Near Oceania mingled, this can be seen through, intermarriage of islanders and they are widely populated. The second wave of migration, was occurred around 3000-4000 years ago which it was believed that they were originated from Southeast Asia. According to Gibbons, Beellwoods argues that archaeological evidence has trace the uniqueness of pottery that are seen in Vanuatu and New Caledonia, and later in Fiji around 300 years ago and they believed that these people then migrate far east with the red -slipped pottery decorated with geometric pattern to Tonga and other Islands (Gibbons, 2001). From these two migration theories, archaeological evidence and the DNA of Y chromosomes of the Pacific islanders, it had proven that the inhabitants of the Pacific, had Originated from south east Asia. Furthermore, Oral knowledge is equally valid as written knowledge, by looking at how early inhabited Islanders had travel the open Ocean, using various navigational techniques. Steve from Ulithi of Federated state of Micronesia has discussed the ideas of traditional navigational skills that are pass down by their ancestors through chants and oral histories. Steve explained navigational techniques, by displaying seven shells on a mat as a teaching venue in which, it represents stars and islands. As Steve had stated, a navigator should know the names, the position of the stars in terms of direction and which star for an islands (unit 2 Arrival). Navigational chants help navigators to memories directions when they are confused or meet storms that move them from their position of the destination. Weather condition and the sky itself also give suitable time to travel as well as when to travel within a year. As a navigator, it is important to know the bearing by using land reference as a guide line to and from where the destination is heading until the island disappears from the horizon. However, when unfavorable weather approaches, sailors have to put down sail, roll it up, adjust mast to be straight, secure up ropes, and balance the canoe to keep it afloat on the water (unit 2 Arrival). Additionally, when a storm approaches a navigator should know where the wind is heading or come from, and observe the current of waves in order to locate the right direction. According to Andrade, a navigator is like an eye of the canoe, by keeping the vessel on the course, using the appearance of the heavenly bodies such as the moon, planet and the sun through oral knowledge. Assessing the two sailing techniques, the modern way and the ancient way of navigation, the ancient navigational technology is more preferred than the modern technology. This is because; ancient way of navigation doesn’t need technical people or qualification to travel the open ocean as compared to modern way. For instance, early islanders equip with chants, oral knowledge and navigational skills to search far distance Islands in the Pacific Ocean with food, water, animal and other important plants. Most importantly, preserving and learning the techniques of ancient navigational techniques is the matter of concern, in order for the Islanders to pass this knowledge from one generation to another. Additionally, ancient navigation helps native Islanders to know natural things around them through observing, the color of sky, the movement of waves and the wind and the position of the stars. To conclude, there are debated theories of how the Islanders had settled in the Pacific over the past years. Through archeological evidence and DNA tests, it has known that the early Pacific islanders had settled in the Pacific through two wave of migration. Steve from Ulithi had shared important techniques of navigation through understanding the nature such as the stars, the sky and the waves in order to navigate the open ocean. Thus, many Pacific Islands relied on oral knowledge and beliefs in terms of chants, history and myths, which are equally valid as written knowledge. As a result, the ancient navigation techniques are more favored than the modern navigation technique.

Effect of Family Disruption on Family Finances and Children

Effect of Family Disruption on Family Finances and Children Critically discuss the evidence underlying the claim that the deterioration of economic conditions that usually results from family disruption is the major explanation for the lower ability and achievement of children in disrupted families. This paper considers whether, and to what extent, the deteriorated economic situations caused through family disruptions and economic deprivations are the main reasons for children’s lower competences and attainments. Firstly, the association between disrupted family and economic circumstances are considered in line with some recent economic theory. Secondly, the reasons why economic circumstances arising from family disruptions are identified as being the foremost predictors for lower ability and attainment of children in disrupted families. This claim is examined. In addition, issues within previous studies are then investigated. Lastly, the implications for enhancing children’s outcomes regarding this issue are also discussed. How family disruptions are linked to deteriorated economic conditions Due to a dramatic change of family structure in modern societies, questions about the impact of family disruptions (e.g. separation/divorce, step-parenting, remarriage) on economic conditions, measured by home ownership, income and size of the residence, have appeared to be increasingly significant. There have been a number of studies explaining the relationship between disruptions in family life and economic circumstances. Numerous longitudinal and cross sectional research reveals that disruptive events in families cause economic disadvantage (e.g. Amato, 2000; Duncan, Yeung, Brooks-Gunn and Smith, 1998). Divorced individuals typically have greater economic deprivation than married individuals (Marks, 1996; Ross, 1995). Researchers have reported that women are likely to have more serious problems with economic consequences in comparison with men (e.g. Holden and Smock, 1991; Ross, 1995; Smock 1994) and that lone mothers are considered to be in the poorest situations after separation or divorce (Ram and Hou, 2003). For example, the longitudinal study of Bianchi, Subaiya and Kahn (1999); focusing on the gender gap in economic well-being among the couples with children after family disruptions in the United States, found that there was a 36% decline in living standard of custodial mothers, whilst noncustodial fathers experienced a 28% increase. It can be seen that in general, mothers’ post-divorced standards of living was merely a half that of the fathers. Moreover, to compare with divorced men or married women, lone mothers tend to have more monetary problems over longer period. Amato (2000) explains this incidence that â€Å"women, compared with men, have more interrupted work histories prior to divorce, experience greater work–family conflict (due to their responsibility for children), and are more likely to experience employment and wage discrimination† (p.1277). However, the deleterious economic conditions can be relieved in step-parent families (Amato, 2000) Why is economic deprivation from family disruptions claimed to be the major predictors for low outcomes of children? Over the last few decades, researchers have focused attention on the economic consequences of changes in family structure, identifying family disruptions as key causal explanations for lower children’s outcomes. It has been found that the deterioration of economic conditions, caused by disruptive events in the family such as single-parenting and divorce are greatly related to negative outcomes among children (Pearson and Thoennes, 1990; Bronstein, Stoll, Clauson, Abrams and Briones, 1994; McLanahan and Sandefur, 1994; Duncan, Brooks-Gunn, Yeung and Smith, 1998; Gue, 1998; Amato, 2000; Ram and Hou, 2003). Household income is often considered to be significant in explaining children’s outcomes (Mulkey, Crain, Harrington, 1992). Congruent with the explanation of Haveman and Wolfe (1995) The income level of the family in which a child grows up is perhaps the best measure of the level of economic resources devoted to the child by the parents, and is often included in the studies of children’s educational attainment (p. 1855). It is well known that different types of family have different effects on children’s ability and outcomes due to their differing economic situations (Schneider et al., 2005). Intact families usually have more income than single-parent families, and this advantage becomes a part of developing children’s educational outcomes (McLeod and Shanahan, 1993; Duncan et al., 1998; Schneider, Atteberry, Owens, 2005). On the other hand, children from single parent-households have more limitations in economic resources in comparison with children from intact families. Single parents, particularly lone mothers often spend more time outside of the home to compensate for the economic loss due to separation or divorce. This is likely to affect children’s ability and academic outcomes because of reducing time for involvement with their children. Parents who have lower incomes due to a separation or divorce are less able to provide their children with material resources such as school equipment, computers and extra lessons (Ross, 2005) Negative impacts on academic achievement of children related to living in separated families, often results from reduced provision of economic resources. Boggges (1998) has suggested that there are few effects on children’s academic performance when the economic status is controlled in research, achievement were found. However, persistent negative effects on graduation rates were found. In addition, Schneider et al. (2005) argues that although step-parenting families (non-traditional families) are often more advantaged in economic resources, the outcomes of the children remain lower than the outcomes of children from traditional families. This is because step parents may not provide step children with the resources like they might towards their biological children (Schneider et al., 2005). Ram and Hou (2003) similarly propose that â€Å"children in step families are no different from those raised in lone-parent families in a number of spheres, including cognitive skills, hyperactivity, and indirect aggression, even after economic condition and familial resource variables when held constant† (p. 326). This is commonly compatible with the studies of some researchers who found children from step families less well performing in school and exhibiting more emotional and behavioural difficulties (Coleman, Ganong, and Fine, 2000; Hanson, McLanahan, and Thomson, 1997; McLanahan and Sanderfur, 1994; McMunn, Nazroo., Marmot, Boreham and Goodman, 2001) In addition, children who live with other types of two-parent households, such as with grandparents or relatives, are also likely to have more disadvantages than children living in intact households, and the same or lower level than children in lone-parent households (Chase-Lansdale, Brooks-Gunn and Zamsky, 1994). According to Downey (1994), although children in lone-mother families often lack economic resources, some children in lone-father families have problems with a deficiency of interpersonal resources such as involvement in children’s tasks. He also suggests that children’s outcomes in both types of family are roughly equal (Downey, 1994). Moreover, it was found that children who live with the same gender or opposite gender parents slightly differ in outcomes. While economic situations have often been considered as the most significant factors in explaining children’s outcomes of the disruptive families, the study of Kerr and Beaujot (2001) investigating Canadian children found that there are low income is less important than other factors such as the function of family, number of children in households, educational level and age of the parents. Similarly, Mulkey et al (1992) argue that economic conditions are not a significant mediator between lone-parent families and the low attainment of children. They also state that living in lone-mother households is not more detrimental than living in lone-father families, and income is not the major issue explaining the relationship between family structure and children’s academic performance. Problems with the studies The findings of some studies have been ambiguous when indicating the association between family structure changes and children’s outcomes. For example, do deteriorated economic conditions in disruptive families often affect the child’s educational outcomes? Or do children with lower ability or lower attainments usually come from families with monetary problems? In addition, the prior problems before parental divorce or separation are often neglected. According to longitudinal research by Ram and Hou (2003) children of several disruptive families were already registering academic difficulties. Second, there is little specific mention regarding the time within the lifecycle of the child of the deteriorated economic situations. Duncan et al. (1998) suggest that the economic situations amongst children in the early years have the most influential impact on attainment, especially among children in low-income families (Cherlin, Chase-Lansdale and McRae, 1998; Duncan et al., 1998; Amato and Sobolewski, 2001). This should be different from the findings derived from adolescents. Therefore, a clearer specification of period when economic deprivation takes place should be inserted. Third, the comparisons of income across different types of households are ambiguous. There is an unclear distinction between the income before disruptions and the income after disruptions. For example, some families may have financial problems before disruptions. Furthermore, the stability of income also should be considered because earning cycles in each family differ, and may vary across the year. Lastly, it can be seen that ethical considerations are not adequately addressed in a number of studies even though the research touches upon highly sensitive areas of family life and predictions of children’s achievement. Such matters are usually quite confidential and the complicated relationship that might negatively affect the subjects, so the reader needs to know how the data for the research was gathered and in what conditions. For example, the protection and welfare of the participants, the use of deception, confidentiality and the anonymity of data are issues that should have been addressed and considered more fully in order that subsequent research operates within accepted ethical boundaries. Implications Public policy Public policy should be more focused on the welfare of single-parent families, particularly lone-mothers. As several studies have reported, single-mothers or custodial mothers are more likely to have more financial problems than any other types of family (e.g. Holden and Smock, 1991; Ross, 1995; Smock 1994). After disruptions, they have to spend more time outside of the home in order to earn money to compensate for the loss of family income. This association in single-parent families seems to be unrelieved until re-marriage happens. In addition, if income can be considered as a significant factor in predicting childrens’ later achievement, it also acts as the resource to provide the means for their progression. One implication of these findings is the need for critical considerations about higher pay for women and income support programmes, in particular, for single mothers who have to bring up their children on their own to assist them cope with problems derived from economic deprivation after disruptions. Also, more extensive child care and support should be provided in order to meet the needs of these children. Schools Teachers should be more deliberately concerned with their reactions and behaviour to children from lower income families. Some teachers tend to react to such children differently due to their economic backgrounds (Mulkey et al., 1992). In addition, the understanding of misbehaviour of the student is important. Some inappropriate behaviours of students in classrooms may occur due to depression or bereavement from disruptive events in their family. Therefore, whenever the behavioural problems of students appear, instead of focusing on them only, teachers should consider the contexts of students such as family backgrounds in order to prevent misunderstanding as well as find the way to assist and support children. Furthermore, teachers in schools should have more concern and care about their own behaviours as a role model for all students because the students, especially the children in their early years tend to observe and replicate teachers’ behaviours. Parents Parents are the individuals who are likely to be the most influential role models for children’s lives. A careful family plan may be one strategy to ensure stability for the child. The home environment should also be considered because it is a significant source of learning. â€Å"The quality of the home environment – its opportunities for learning, the warmth of mother-child interactions, and the physical condition of the home – accounts for a substantial portion of the powerful effects of family income on cognitive outcomes† (Duncan et al., 1998, p.209). Furthermore, having a stable level of income is important because low and unstable income leads to economic pressures that may cause conflict between partners experiencing serious financial issues (Conger et al., 1993). The income level of the family is a powerful predictor of the economic pressure that has both direct and indirect impacts on children’s achievement (Duncan et al, 1998). Conflictin g or disruptive events in the families can also be traumatising events for children. Parents should avoid using force and presenting unpleasant behaviours at home and in front of the children, because it may be the cause of later aggressive behaviours from children. Conclusion It appears in several studies that economic conditions are the significant explanations for the association between family structure and children’s achievement. The diminution of material resources due to deteriorated economic conditions, which often derive from disruptive events in families, has significant impacts on educational outcomes of children (Ram and Hou, 2003). In several studies, when income is restricted, children in disrupted families tend to have lower attainments than children in intact or non-divorced families. Research reports that the majority of children in intact families are at an academic and social advantage in comparison with children in non-intact families. A child’s achievement generally depends on the economic resources that are given by parents, children who live in an intact family tend to have high attainments. This is because lone-parents have less income and have less time to be involved in household activities such as helping children to do their homework. This leads to the lower outcomes of children. Children who grow up in lone-mother families tend to have the lowest attainments in comparison with growing in other types of families. In addition, although children who live with step families have opportunities to have more economic resources than those who live with single-parent families, the researchers state that there is no difference between the educational outcomes of children in lone families and the child outcomes in step-parenting families (Coleman et al, 2 001; Henson et al, 1997; Ram and Hou, 2003). It might therefore be concluded that the deterioration of economic circumstances after separation or divorce may explain part, but by no means all, of the lower outcomes among children who have experienced parental disruptions.